--- language_creators: - expert-generated # All ISO 639-3 and BCP-47 codes for the 275 languoids in question language: ['aa', 'aar', 'abl', 'af', 'afr', 'agr', 'aiq', 'als', 'am', 'amh', 'ami', 'ane', 'apc', 'arh', 'arn', 'arz', 'as', 'asm', 'ayr', 'ayz', 'azb', 'azj', 'azm', 'azz', 'ba', 'bak', 'bam', 'bas', 'bba', 'be', 'bel', 'ben', 'bft', 'bg', 'bhb', 'bho', 'bm', 'bn', 'bo', 'bod', 'bos', 'br', 'bre', 'brh', 'brx', 'bs', 'bsh', 'bsk', 'bul', 'ca', 'cak', 'cat', 'ce', 'ceb', 'ces', 'che', 'chr', 'chv', 'cja', 'cjk', 'ckb', 'ckl', 'cmn', 'crk', 'cs', 'cux', 'cv', 'cy', 'cym', 'da', 'dan', 'daq', 'de', 'deu', 'dgo', 'dik', 'diq', 'div', 'djc', 'dje', 'dtm', 'dts', 'dua', 'dv', 'dz', 'dzo', 'ekk', 'el', 'ell', 'en', 'enb', 'eng', 'enl', 'es', 'eto', 'eu', 'eus', 'ewo', 'fao', 'fi', 'fia', 'fin', 'fo', 'fr', 'fra', 'fry', 'fuc', 'fuv', 'fvr', 'fy', 'ga', 'gax', 'gaz', 'gd', 'gil', 'gkp', 'gl', 'gla', 'gle', 'glg', 'gom', 'gu', 'guc', 'gug', 'guj', 'guz', 'gxx', 'ha', 'hat', 'hau', 'he', 'heb', 'heh', 'hi', 'hin', 'hne', 'hr', 'hrv', 'ht', 'hu', 'hun', 'hve', 'hy', 'hye', 'ibo', 'id', 'ig', 'ijc', 'ilo', 'ind', 'irk', 'is', 'isl', 'it', 'ita', 'ja', 'jav', 'jmc', 'jnj', 'jpn', 'jv', 'ka', 'kaa', 'kac', 'kai', 'kal', 'kam', 'kan', 'kat', 'kaz', 'kea', 'kek', 'khk', 'khm', 'khq', 'khw', 'kin', 'kir', 'kk', 'kl', 'kls', 'km', 'kmb', 'kmr', 'kn', 'knc', 'knw', 'ko', 'kor', 'krt', 'kru', 'ksf', 'ktu', 'kuj', 'kwy', 'kxp', 'ky', 'lao', 'led', 'lg', 'lgg', 'li', 'lij', 'lim', 'lin', 'lir', 'lit', 'ln', 'lo', 'loa', 'loh', 'lt', 'lug', 'luo', 'lvs', 'maf', 'mai', 'mal', 'mam', 'mar', 'mas', 'mey', 'mi', 'mie', 'min', 'miq', 'mk', 'mkd', 'ml', 'mlt', 'mos', 'mr', 'mri', 'mt', 'mtq', 'my', 'mya', 'mzl', 'naq', 'nhe', 'nl', 'nld', 'nlv', 'nn', 'nno', 'npi', 'nso', 'nus', 'ny', 'nya', 'ory', 'pa', 'pan', 'pbs', 'pbt', 'pcm', 'pes', 'pl', 'plt', 'pol', 'por', 'pt', 'quc', 'quh', 'quz', 'rm', 'ro', 'rob', 'roh', 'ron', 'ru', 'rus', 'rw', 'sat', 'sba', 'scn', 'sd', 'se', 'sgc', 'shn', 'si', 'sif', 'sin', 'sk', 'skr', 'sl', 'slk', 'slv', 'sme', 'sn', 'sna', 'snd', 'so', 'som', 'sot', 'spa', 'sr', 'sro', 'srp', 'ss', 'ssw', 'st', 'su', 'sun', 'sv', 'swe', 'swh', 'szl', 'ta', 'tam', 'taq', 'tat', 'tda', 'te', 'tel', 'tg', 'tgk', 'tgl', 'th', 'tha', 'ti', 'tir', 'tl', 'tn', 'toc', 'tpi', 'tpl', 'tr', 'ts', 'tsg', 'tsn', 'tso', 'tsz', 'tt', 'tui', 'tur', 'tw', 'twi', 'tzh', 'tzm', 'ug', 'uig', 'uk', 'ukr', 'umb', 'ur', 'urd', 'uzn', 've', 'ven', 'vi', 'vie', 'vmw', 'war', 'wlv', 'wo', 'wol', 'wuu', 'xh', 'xho', 'xuu', 'ydd', 'ydg', 'yo', 'yor', 'yua', 'yue', 'zai', 'zne', 'zsm', 'zu', 'zul'] license: cc-by-4.0 task_categories: - translation size_categories: - 1K List of languages | Code. | ISO 639-3 | ISO 15924 | Language | Family | Comment | |:---------|:--------|:-----------|:---------------------|:---------------------|:-------------------------------------| aar_Latn | aar | Latn | Afar | Afro-Asiatic | abl_Latn | abl | Latn | Lampung Nyo | Austronesian | afr_Latn | afr | Latn | Afrikaans | Indo-European | agr_Latn | agr | Latn | Aguaruna | Chicham | aiq_Arab | aiq | Arab | Aimaq | Indo-European | als_Latn | als | Latn | Tosk Albanian | Indo-European | amh_Ethi | amh | Ethi | Amharic | Afro-Asiatic | ami_Latn | ami | Latn | Amis | Austronesian | ane_Latn | ane | Latn | Xârâcùù | Austronesian | apc_Arab | apc | Arab | Levantine Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | arh_Latn | arh | Latn | Arhuaco | Chibchan | arn_Latn | arn | Latn | Mapudungun | Araucanian | arz_Arab | arz | Arab | Egyptian Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | Code-switching with Modern Standard Arabic (arb_Arab) arz_Latn | arz | Latn | Egyptian Arabic (Romanized) | Afro-Asiatic | Code-switching with Modern Standard Arabic (arb_Latn) asm_Beng | asm | Beng | Assamese | Indo-European | ayr_Latn | ayr | Latn | Central Aymara | Aymaran | ayz_Latn | ayz | Latn | Mai Brat | Maybratic | azb_Arab | azb | Arab | South Azerbaijani | Turkic | azj_Latn | azj | Latn | North Azerbaijani | Turkic | azm_Latn | azm | Latn | Ipalapa Amuzgo | Otomanguean | azz_Latn | azz | Latn | Highland Puebla Nahuatl | Uto-Aztecan | bak_Cyrl | bak | Cyrl | Bashkir | Turkic | Community-contributed bam_Latn | bam | Latn | Bambara | Mande | bas_Latn | bas | Latn | Basaa | Atlantic-Congo | bba_Latn | bba | Latn | Baatonum | Atlantic-Congo | bel_Cyrl | bel | Cyrl | Belarusian | Indo-European | ben_Beng | ben | Beng | Bengali | Indo-European | ben_Latn | ben | Latn | Bengali (Romanized) | Indo-European | bft_Arab | bft | Arab | Balti | Sino-Tibetan | bhb_Deva | bhb | Deva | Bhili | Indo-European | bho_Deva | bho | Deva | Bhojpuri | Indo-European | bod_Tibt | bod | Tibt | Tibetan | Sino-Tibetan | bos_Latn | bos | Latn | Bosnian | Indo-European | bre_Latn | bre | Latn | Breton | Indo-European | brh_Arab | brh | Arab | Brahui | Dravidian | brx_Deva | brx | Deva | Bodo (India) | Sino-Tibetan | bsh_Arab | bsh | Arab | Kateviri | Indo-European | bsk_Arab | bsk | Arab | Burushaski | Burushaski | bul_Cyrl | bul | Cyrl | Bulgarian | Indo-European | cak_Latn | cak | Latn | Kaqchikel | Mayan | cat_Latn | cat | Latn | Catalan | Indo-European | ceb_Latn | ceb | Latn | Cebuano | Austronesian | ces_Latn | ces | Latn | Czech | Indo-European | che_Cyrl | che | Cyrl | Chechen | Nakh-Daghestanian | Community-contributed chr_Cher | chr | Cher | Cherokee | Iroquoian | chv_Cyrl | chv | Cyrl | Chuvash | Turkic | cja_Arab | cja | Arab | Western Cham | Austronesian | cjk_Latn | cjk | Latn | Chokwe | Atlantic-Congo | ckb_Arab | ckb | Arab | Sorani Kurdish | Indo-European | ckl_Latn | ckl | Latn | Kibaku | Afro-Asiatic | cmn_Hans | cmn | Hans | Mandarin (Simplified) | Sino-Tibetan | cmn_Hant | cmn | Hant | Mandarin (Traditional) | Sino-Tibetan | crk_Cans | crk | Cans | Plains Cree | Algic | crk_Latn | crk | Latn | Plains Cree | Algic | cux_Latn | cux | Latn | Tepeuxila Cuicatec | Otomanguean | cym_Latn | cym | Latn | Welsh | Indo-European | dan_Latn | dan | Latn | Danish | Indo-European | daq_Deva | daq | Deva | Dandami Maria | Dravidian | deu_Latn | deu | Latn | German | Indo-European | dgo_Deva | dgo | Deva | Dogri | Indo-European | dik_Latn | dik | Latn | Southwestern Dinka | Nilotic | diq_Latn | diq | Latn | Zazaki - Southern Zaza | Indo-European | div_Thaa | div | Thaa | Dhivehi | Indo-European | djc_Latn | djc | Latn | Dar Daju | Dajuic | dje_Latn | dje | Latn | Zarma | Songhay | dtm_Latn | dtm | Latn | Tomo Kan Dogon | Dogon | dts_Latn | dts | Latn | Toro So Dogon | Dogon | dua_Latn | dua | Latn | Duala | Atlantic-Congo | dzo_Tibt | dzo | Tibt | Dzongkha | Sino-Tibetan | ekk_Latn | ekk | Latn | Standard Estonian | Uralic | ell_Grek | ell | Grek | Modern Greek | Indo-European | enb_Latn | enb | Latn | Markweeta | Nilotic | eng_Latn | eng | Latn | English | Indo-European | enl_Latn | enl | Latn | Enlhet | Lengua-Mascoy | eto_Latn | eto | Latn | Eton | Atlantic-Congo | eus_Latn | eus | Latn | Basque | Basque | ewo_Latn | ewo | Latn | Ewondo | Atlantic-Congo | fao_Latn | fao | Latn | Faroese | Indo-European | fia_Copt | fia | Copt | Nobiin | Nubian | fin_Latn | fin | Latn | Finnish | Uralic | fra_Latn | fra | Latn | French | Indo-European | fry_Latn | fry | Latn | Western Frisian | Indo-European | fuc_Latn | fuc | Latn | Pulaar | Atlantic-Congo | fuv_Latn | fuv | Latn | Nigerian Fulfulde | Atlantic-Congo | fvr_Latn | fvr | Latn | Fur | Furan | gax_Latn | gax | Latn | Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo | Afro-Asiatic | gaz_Latn | gaz | Latn | West Central Oromo | Afro-Asiatic | gil_Latn | gil | Latn | Gilbertese | Austronesian | gkp_Latn | gkp | Latn | Kpelle (Guinea) | Mande | gla_Latn | gla | Latn | Scottish Gaelic | Indo-European | gle_Latn | gle | Latn | Irish | Indo-European | glg_Latn | glg | Latn | Galician | Indo-European | gom_Deva | gom | Deva | Goan Konkani | Indo-European | guc_Latn | guc | Latn | Wayuu | Arawakan | gug_Latn | gug | Latn | Paraguayan Guarani | Tupian | guj_Gujr | guj | Gujr | Gujarati | Indo-European | guz_Latn | guz | Latn | Gusii | Atlantic-Congo | gxx_Latn | gxx | Latn | Southern Wè | Kru | hat_Latn | hat | Latn | Haitian Creole | Indo-European | hau_Latn | hau | Latn | Hausa | Afro-Asiatic | heb_Hebr | heb | Hebr | Hebrew | Afro-Asiatic | heh_Latn | heh | Latn | Hehe | Atlantic-Congo | hin_Deva | hin | Deva | Hindi | Indo-European | hin_Latn | hin | Latn | Hindi (Romanized) | Indo-European | hne_Deva | hne | Deva | Chhattisgarhi | Indo-European | hrv_Latn | hrv | Latn | Croatian | Indo-European | hun_Latn | hun | Latn | Hungarian | Uralic | hve_Latn | hve | Latn | San Dionisio del Mar Huave | Huavean | hye_Armn | hye | Armn | Armenian | Indo-European | ibo_Latn | ibo | Latn | Igbo | Atlantic-Congo | ijc_Latn | ijc | Latn | Izon | Ijoid | ilo_Latn | ilo | Latn | Iloko | Austronesian | ind_Latn | ind | Latn | Indonesian | Austronesian | irk_Latn | irk | Latn | Iraqw | Afro-Asiatic | isl_Latn | isl | Latn | Icelandic | Indo-European | ita_Latn | ita | Latn | Italian | Indo-European | jav_Latn | jav | Latn | Javanese | Austronesian | jmc_Latn | jmc | Latn | Machame | Atlantic-Congo | jnj_Latn | jnj | Latn | Yemsa | Ta-Ne-Omotic | jpn_Jpan | jpn | Jpan | Japanese | Japonic | kaa_Cyrl | kaa | Cyrl | Karakalpak | Turkic | kac_Latn | kac | Latn | Kachin | Sino-Tibetan | kai_Latn | kai | Latn | Karekare | Afro-Asiatic | kal_Latn | kal | Latn | Kalaallisut | Eskimo-Aleut | kam_Latn | kam | Latn | Kamba | Atlantic-Congo | kan_Knda | kan | Knda | Kannada | Dravidian | kat_Geor | kat | Geor | Georgian | Kartvelian | kaz_Cyrl | kaz | Cyrl | Kazakh | Turkic | kea_Latn | kea | Latn | Kabuverdianu | Indo-European | kek_Latn | kek | Latn | Kekchí | Mayan | khk_Cyrl | khk | Cyrl | Halh Mongolian | Mongolic-Khitan | khm_Khmr | khm | Khmr | Central Khmer | Austroasiatic | khq_Latn | khq | Latn | Koyra Chiini Songhay | Songhay | khw_Arab | khw | Arab | Khowar | Indo-European | kin_Latn | kin | Latn | Kinyarwanda | Atlantic-Congo | kir_Cyrl | kir | Cyrl | Kyrgyz | Turkic | kls_Arab | kls | Arab | Kalasha | Indo-European | kmb_Latn | kmb | Latn | Kimbundu | Atlantic-Congo | kmr_Latn | kmr | Latn | Kurmanji Kurdish | Indo-European | knc_Arab | knc | Arab | Central Kanuri | Saharan | knw_Latn | knw | Latn | Kung-Ekoka | Kxa | kor_Kore | kor | Kore | Korean | Koreanic | krt_Latn | krt | Latn | Tumari Kanuri | Saharan | kru_Deva | kru | Deva | Kurukh | Dravidian | ksf_Latn | ksf | Latn | Bafia | Atlantic-Congo | ktu_Latn | ktu | Latn | Kituba | Atlantic-Congo | kuj_Latn | kuj | Latn | Kuria | Atlantic-Congo | kwy_Latn | kwy | Latn | San Salvador Kongo | Atlantic-Congo | kxp_Arab | kxp | Arab | Koli Wadiyari | Indo-European | lao_Laoo | lao | Laoo | Lao | Tai-Kadai | led_Latn | led | Latn | Lendu | Central Sudanic | lgg_Latn | lgg | Latn | Lugbara | Central Sudanic | lij_Latn | lij | Latn | Ligurian | Indo-European | lim_Latn | lim | Latn | Limburgish | Indo-European | lin_Latn | lin | Latn | Kinshasa Lingala | Atlantic-Congo | lir_Latn | lir | Latn | Liberian Kreyol | Pidgin | lit_Latn | lit | Latn | Lithuanian | Indo-European | loa_Latn | loa | Latn | Loloda | North Halmahera | loh_Latn | loh | Latn | Narim | Surmic | lug_Latn | lug | Latn | Ganda | Atlantic-Congo | luo_Latn | luo | Latn | Luo | Nilotic | lvs_Latn | lvs | Latn | Standard Latvian | Indo-European | maf_Latn | maf | Latn | Mafa | Afro-Asiatic | mai_Deva | mai | Deva | Maithili | Indo-European | mal_Mlym | mal | Mlym | Malayalam | Dravidian | mam_Latn | mam | Latn | Mam | Mayan | mar_Deva | mar | Deva | Marathi | Indo-European | mas_Latn | mas | Latn | Masai | Nilotic | mey_Latn | mey | Latn | Hassaniyya Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | mie_Latn | mie | Latn | Ocotepec Mixtec | Otomanguean | min_Arab | min | Arab | Minangkabau | Austronesian | miq_Latn | miq | Latn | Miskito | Misumalpan | mkd_Cyrl | mkd | Cyrl | Macedonian | Indo-European | mlt_Latn | mlt | Latn | Maltese | Afro-Asiatic | mos_Latn | mos | Latn | Mossi | Atlantic-Congo | mri_Latn | mri | Latn | Māori | Austronesian | mtq_Latn | mtq | Latn | Muong | Austroasiatic | mya_Mymr | mya | Mymr | Burmese | Sino-Tibetan | mzl_Latn | mzl | Latn | Mazatlán Mixe | Mixe-Zoque | naq_Latn | naq | Latn | Nama | Khoe-Kwadi | nhe_Latn | nhe | Latn | Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl | Uto-Aztecan | nld_Latn | nld | Latn | Standard Dutch | Indo-European | nlv_Latn | nlv | Latn | Orizaba Nahuatl | Uto-Aztecan | nno_Latn | nno | Latn | Nynorsk | Indo-European | npi_Deva | npi | Deva | Nepali | Indo-European | nso_Latn | nso | Latn | Northern Sotho | Atlantic-Congo | nus_Latn | nus | Latn | Nuer | Nilotic | nya_Latn | nya | Latn | Nyanja | Atlantic-Congo | ory_Orya | ory | Orya | Oriya | Indo-European | pbs_Latn | pbs | Latn | Central Pame | Otomanguean | pbt_Arab | pbt | Arab | Southern Pashto | Indo-European | pcm_Latn | pcm | Latn | Nigerian Pidgin | Indo-European | pes_Arab | pes | Arab | Western Persian | Indo-European | plt_Latn | plt | Latn | Plateau Malagasy | Austronesian | pnb_Guru | pnb | Guru | Western Punjabi | Indo-European | pol_Latn | pol | Latn | Polish | Indo-European | por_Latn | por | Latn | Brazilian Portuguese | Indo-European | quc_Latn | quc | Latn | K'iche' | Mayan | quh_Latn | quh | Latn | South Bolivian Quechua | Quechuan | quz_Latn | quz | Latn | Cusco Quechua | Quechuan | rob_Latn | rob | Latn | Tae’ | Austronesian | roh_Latn | roh | Latn | Romansh | Indo-European | ron_Latn | ron | Latn | Romanian | Indo-European | rus_Cyrl | rus | Cyrl | Russian | Indo-European | sat_Olck | sat | Olck | Santali | Austroasiatic | sba_Latn | sba | Latn | Ngambay | Central Sudanic | scn_Latn | scn | Latn | Sicilian | Indo-European | sgc_Latn | sgc | Latn | Kipsigis | Nilotic | shn_Mymr | shn | Mymr | Shan | Tai-Kadai | sif_Latn | sif | Latn | Siamou | Siamou | sin_Sinh | sin | Sinh | Sinhala | Indo-European | skr_Arab | skr | Arab | Saraiki | Indo-European | slk_Latn | slk | Latn | Slovak | Indo-European | slv_Latn | slv | Latn | Slovene | Indo-European | sme_Latn | sme | Latn | Northern Sami | Uralic | sna_Latn | sna | Latn | Shona | Atlantic-Congo | snd_Arab | snd | Arab | Sindhi | Indo-European | som_Latn | som | Latn | Somali | Afro-Asiatic | sot_Latn | sot | Latn | Southern Sotho | Atlantic-Congo | spa_Latn | spa | Latn | Spanish | Indo-European | sro_Latn | sro | Latn | Sardinian Campidanese | Indo-European | srp_Cyrl | srp | Cyrl | Serbian | Indo-European | ssw_Latn | ssw | Latn | Swati | Atlantic-Congo | sun_Latn | sun | Latn | Sundanese | Austronesian | swe_Latn | swe | Latn | Swedish | Indo-European | swh_Latn | swh | Latn | Swahili | Atlantic-Congo | szl_Latn | szl | Latn | Silesian | Indo-European | tam_Latn | tam | Latn | Tamil (Romanized) | Dravidian | tam_Taml | tam | Taml | Tamil | Dravidian | taq_Latn | taq | Latn | Tamashek (Romanized) | Afro-Asiatic | taq_Tfng | taq | Tfng | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic | tat_Cyrl | tat | Cyrl | Tatar | Turkic | tda_Latn | tda | Latn | Tagdal | Songhay | tel_Latn | tel | Latn | Telugu (Romanized) | Dravidian | tel_Telu | tel | Telu | Telugu | Dravidian | tgk_Cyrl | tgk | Cyrl | Tajik | Indo-European | tgl_Latn | tgl | Latn | Tagalog | Austronesian | tha_Thai | tha | Thai | Thai | Tai-Kadai | tir_Ethi | tir | Ethi | Tigrinya | Afro-Asiatic | toc_Latn | toc | Latn | Coyutla Totonac | Totonacan | tpi_Latn | tpi | Latn | Tok Pisin | Indo-European | tpl_Latn | tpl | Latn | Tlacoapa Me’phaa | Otomanguean | tsg_Latn | tsg | Latn | Tausug | Austronesian | tsn_Latn | tsn | Latn | Tswana | Atlantic-Congo | tso_Latn | tso | Latn | Tsonga | Atlantic-Congo | tsz_Latn | tsz | Latn | Purepecha | Tarascan | tui_Latn | tui | Latn | Tupuri | Atlantic-Congo | tur_Latn | tur | Latn | Turkish | Turkic | twi_Latn | twi | Latn | Twi | Atlantic-Congo | tzh_Latn | tzh | Latn | Tzeltal | Mayan | tzm_Tfng | tzm | Tfng | Central Atlas Tamazight | Afro-Asiatic | uig_Arab | uig | Arab | Uyghur | Turkic | ukr_Cyrl | ukr | Cyrl | Ukrainian | Indo-European | umb_Latn | umb | Latn | Umbundu | Atlantic-Congo | urd_Arab | urd | Arab | Urdu | Indo-European | urd_Latn | urd | Latn | Urdu (Romanized) | Indo-European | uzn_Latn | uzn | Latn | Northern Uzbek | Turkic | ven_Latn | ven | Latn | Venda | Atlantic-Congo | vie_Latn | vie | Latn | Vietnamese | Austroasiatic | vmw_Latn | vmw | Latn | Makhuwa | Atlantic-Congo | war_Latn | war | Latn | Waray | Austronesian | wlv_Latn | wlv | Latn | Bermejo Wichí | Mataguayan | wol_Latn | wol | Latn | Wolof | Atlantic-Congo | wuu_Hans | wuu | Hans | Wu Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | xho_Latn | xho | Latn | Xhosa | Atlantic-Congo | xuu_Latn | xuu | Latn | Khwedam | Khoe-Kwadi | ydd_Hebr | ydd | Hebr | Eastern Yiddish | Indo-European | ydg_Arab | ydg | Arab | Yadgha | Indo-European | yor_Latn | yor | Latn | Yoruba | Atlantic-Congo | yua_Latn | yua | Latn | Yucateco | Mayan | yue_Hant | yue | Hant | Yue Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | zai_Latn | zai | Latn | Isthmus Zapotec | Otomanguean | zsm_Latn | zsm | Latn | Colloquial Malay | Austronesian | Code-switching with Standard Malay (zlm_Latn) zne_Latn | zne | Latn | Zande | Atlantic-Congo | zul_Latn | zul | Latn | Zulu | Atlantic-Congo | For some translation directions of the Round 2 Met-BOUQuET, there are currently no human translations of BOUQuET into the respective target language: `abz_Latn akb_Latn any_Latn awa_Deva bcc_Arab bem_Latn bsq_Latn dga_Latn kdj_Latn lua_Latn mad_Latn mim_Latn mni_Mtei osi_Latn tzo_Latn`. Therefore, these languages are represented in the dataset only as (very imperfect) machine translations, not as human translations. Each language variety is characterized by an ISO 639-3 code for its language (sometimes several codes to emphasize code mixing, as in the case of Egyptian Arabic and Malay), an ISO 15924 code for the writing system, and, optionally, a Glottocode (currently, it is applied only to mark the Brazilian Portuguese as distinct from the European Portuguese). To contribute translations for new languages, please use our crowdsourcing tool: https://bouquet.metademolab.com. ## Usage examples The code below loads a pre-configured subset, French sentences paired with English, and selects the first instance ```Python import datasets data = datasets.load_dataset("facebook/bouquet", "fra_Latn", split="dev") # to demonstrate an example, we select a single data instance data[0] # {'uniq_id': 'P037-S1', # 'src_lang': 'fra_Latn', # 'src_text': 'Tu as des mains en or, la nourriture est délicieuse.', # 'tgt_lang': 'eng_Latn', # 'domain': 'comments', # 'tgt_text': 'Bless your hands, the food was very delicious. ', # 'par_comment': 'possessive pronoun "your" is 2nd person feminine', # 'tags': 'second person, single tense (past)', # 'register': 'mra', # 'orig_text': 'تسلم ايديكي الاكل كان جميل جدًا', # 'newline_next': True, # 'level': 'sentence_level', # 'split': 'dev', # 'par_id': 'P037'} ``` Another example loads paragraph-level data paired with English, and then pairs Spanish sentences with their Russian translations: ```Python import datasets data = datasets.load_dataset("facebook/bouquet", "paragraph_level", split="dev").to_pandas() spa2rus = pd.merge( data.loc[data["src_lang"].eq("spa_Latn")].drop(["tgt_lang", "tgt_text"], axis=1), data.loc[data["src_lang"].eq("rus_Cyrl"), ["src_lang", "src_text", "uniq_id"]].rename({"src_lang": "tgt_lang", "src_text": "tgt_text"}, axis=1), on="uniq_id", ) ``` The final example loads the XSTS+R+P part of the Met-BOUQuET dataset (dev split) and displays the first sample: ```Python import datasets data = datasets.load_dataset("facebook/bouquet", "met_bouquet_xstsrp_r1", split="dev") # to demonstrate an example, we select a single data instance data[0] # {'src_lang': 'aar_Latn', # 'tgt_lang': 'arz_Arab', # 'system': 'OMT-LLaMA-8B-experimental-3a921d66', # 'uniq_id': 'P001-S1', # 'domain': 'how-to | instructions', # 'register_label': 'uca', # 'src_text': 'Mahshi "dolmah" elle bicisan inni baaxook baaxol baxsale.', # 'mt_text': 'المحشي "الدولمة" هو طبق يصنع من عجينة كبيرة تُشكل كأس.', # 'consensus_score': 1.0, # 'n_annotators': 3, # 'score_list': [2.0, 1.0, 1.0], # 'par_harmonic_mean_consensus': 1.2, # 'par_n_sentences': 3, # 'protocol': 'XSTS+R+P', # 'ref_text': 'طريقة عمل المحشي بتختلف كتير من بلد لبلد', # 'has_ref': True, # 'par_id': 'P001', # 'system_group': 'internal_baseline', # 'round': 1, # 'split': 'dev', # 'direction': 'aar_Latn-arz_Arab'} ``` ### Troubleshooting - If you encounter an fsspec-related error when loading the dataset, please upgrade your dependencies: `pip install --upgrade datasets huggingface_hub fsspec` - If you are getting a `GatedRepoError`, please make sure that you have: 1. Logged into the HuggingFace website (this one); 2. Accepted the terms of use of this dataset; 3. Authenticated in your environment via a Huggingface token or the `login` method or `huggingface_hub`. See https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/datasets-gated for more detailed instructions. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale for base BOUQuET The dataset has been created manually from scratch, by composing the source sentences that cover a variety of domains and registers in 8 diverse non-English languages: Egyptian Arabic (alternating with Modern Standard Arabic when appropriate), French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. For each of the source languages, the sentences have been created in the following 8 domains: 1. How-to, written tutorials or instructions 2. Conversations (dialogues) 3. Narration (creative writing that doesn’t include dialogues) 4. Social media posts 5. Social media comments (reactive) 6. Other web content 7. Reflective piece 8. Miscellaneous (address to a nation, disaster response, etc.) Apart from the domains, a variety of registers (contextual styles) were used. Each sentence is annotated with the register characterized by three features: connectedness, preparedness, and social differential. The linguists who were creating the dataset were instructed to maintain the diversity of sentence lengths, word orders, sentence structures, and other linguistic characteristics. Subsequently, the source sentences were translated from the 8 source languages into English, and then, into the other languages. We plan to extend the dataset "in width", by translating it into even more languages. See the [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1400/) for more details. ### Curation Rationale for Met-BOUQuET Met-BOUQuET has been built with several goals in mind: - Provide quality judgements over translations that are diverse in terms of directions, systems, and quality levels. Targeted in Round 1 of XSTS+R+P annotation. For each sentence and direction, one translation system is selected, to maximize diversity. - Compare the XSTS+R+P protocol with other human evaluation protocols. Targeted with the XSTS and RSQM annotations. - Compare an OMT translation system with a strong open baseline for very chalenging translation directions. Targeted in Round 2 of XSTS+R+P annotation. For each sentence and direction, there are two translations. All Met-BOUQuET data points are translations of BOUQuET sentences with either OMT models or open translation systems. See the Section 8.2 of the [Omnilingual MT paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16309) for more details and discussion. ## Contribution To contribute to the dataset (adding translations for a new language, or verifying some of the existing translations), please use the web annotation tool at https://bouquet.metademolab.com. ## Citation If you are referring to this dataset, please cite the [BOUQuET paper](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1400/) and the [Omnilingual MT paper](TODO). ```bibtex @inproceedings{andrews-etal-2025-bouquet, title = "{BOUQ}u{ET} : dataset, Benchmark and Open initiative for Universal Quality Evaluation in Translation", author = "Andrews, Pierre and Artetxe, Mikel and Meglioli, Mariano Coria and Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R. and Chuang, Joe and Dale, David and Duppenthaler, Mark and Ekberg, Nathanial Paul and Gao, Cynthia and Licht, Daniel Edward and Maillard, Jean and Mourachko, Alexandre and Ropers, Christophe and Saleem, Safiyyah and S{\'a}nchez, Eduardo and Tsiamas, Ioannis and Turkatenko, Arina and Ventayol-Boada, Albert and Yates, Shireen", editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", month = nov, year = "2025", address = "Suzhou, China", publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1400/", doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1400", pages = "27515--27535", ISBN = "979-8-89176-332-6", } @misc{omnilingual2026, title={Omnilingual {MT}: Machine Translation for 1,600 Languages}, author={The Omnilingual MT Team and Belen Alastruey and Niyati Bafna and Andrea Caciolai and Kevin Heffernan and Artyom Kozhevnikov and Christophe Ropers and Eduardo S{\'a}nchez and Charles-Eric Saint-James and Ioannis Tsiamas and Chierh Cheng and Joe Chuang and Paul-Ambroise Duquenne and Mark Duppenthaler and Nate Ekberg and Cynthia Gao and Pere Llu{\'i}s Huguet Cabot and Jo{\~a}o Maria Janeiro and Jean Maillard and Gabriel Mejia Gonzalez and Holger Schwenk and Edan Toledo and Arina Turkatenko and Albert Ventayol-Boada and Rashel Moritz and Alexandre Mourachko and Surya Parimi and Mary Williamson and Shireen Yates and David Dale and Marta R. Costa-juss{\`a}}, year={2026}, eprint={}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16309}, } ``` ## License This dataset is released under CC-BY-4.0. ## Glossary - **Domain.** By the term *domain*, we mean different spaces in which language is produced in speech, sign, or writing (e.g., books, social media, news, Wikipedia, organization websites, official documents, direct messaging, texting). In this paper, we focus solely on the written modality. - **Register.** We understand the term *register* as a functional variety of language that includes socio-semiotic properties, as expressed in [Halliday and Matthiessen (2004)], or more simply as a "contextual style", as presented in [Labov (1991), pp.79–99]. In that regard, a register is a specific variety of language used to best fit a specific communicative purpose in a specific situation. ## Changelog - Apr 21, 2025: update translation for 5 languages, add locator for Mozilla contributions - Mar 17, 2025: extend to 275 language varieties in total, add Met-BOUQuET - Nov 7, 2025: add 17 new languages, edit some translations - Aug 1, 2025: add 28 new languages - Jun 10, 2025: released the first version of the dataset (the 9 core languages)